Clear To Send: Wireless Network Engineering

Our special guest, Anand Srinivas of Nyansa, joins the show to discuss Wi-Fi analytics with their platform Nyansa Voyance. As many organizations are shifting towards getting data usage on the Wi-Fi networks, Nyansa helps fill that void. Anand provides us his insight into analyzing data from our wireless networks. Wi-Fi Analytics with Nyansa Voyance Anand Srinivas is the co-founder and CTO of Nyansa, headquartered in Palo Alto, CA. He has his masters and PhD from MIT in wireless and algorithms. Anand has held previous roles at Airvana, Plexxi, Overture and now finally at Nyansa. The focus of Nyansa is to enable enterprises in different verticals to get a handle and insights into user experience on wireless networks. Anand’s team takes a look at various wireless client transactions with the network, applications, etc. and analyzes all of the collected data to bring user experience into a visual dashboard. I wanted to bring Anand onto the podcast to talk about Wi-Fi analysis because of this trend where many organizations are trying to get more data out of the network and what the users are doing on that network. Here are the topics we talk about on the podcast: * How Nyansa gets visibility * Taking the client perspective * Looking across the entire stack * Using real clients transactions as ‘sensors’ * What is “network analytics”, “big data”, “machine learning”, etc.? * Every vendor says they do analytics. How do you define or view analytics differently? Or do you? What makes Nyansa unique in this space? * How do enterprises justify the cost or value of your analytics system? * What packets, fields are analyzed by Nyansa to perform the analysis? * Interesting story from people using Nyansa. Links and Resources * Nyansa website * Get a demo of Nyansa Screenshots of Nyansa Voyance

We welcome Thomas Baudelet from France. Together, we talk about network and Wi-Fi troubleshooting in general and we go over the Mac OS application called Debookee that Thomas created which could be use to troubleshoot a Wi-Fi network. Thomas Baudelet works as an independent Network Engineer and specializes in troubleshooting. He has been involved in the Wireshark community and he created a network analyzer application for MacOS called Debookee. Feel free to follow him on Twitter @debookee. Content * Presentation of the Debookee tool, Thomas gave us a little bit of history on how he decided to create the tool * Presentation of the different modules (including the Wi-Fi Monitoring module) * Presentation of what is coming next (New SSL decrypt module) * Thomas explains how he studied Wi-Fi in order to be able to create a tool that would be used by WLAN professionals * Troubleshoot methodologies * What tools does Thomas uses on the field Screenshots of Debokee   Resources Here are some useful links related to this week episode: * Debookee website: https://debookee.com/ * Debookee Tools: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/debookee-tools/id1110355801 * Download and test Debookee: https://www.iwaxx.com/debookee/debookee.zip * Thomas on Twitter: https://twitter.com/debookee * Thomas’ really cool Business Card: https://twitter.com/tomlabaude/status/838747925052260354 Upcoming Episode on Wi-Fi Issue Want to participiate in a future episode? Here is the link to the Wi-Fi issues submission form for one of our upcoming episode: Wi-Fi Issue Submission This Week in Wireless * WikiLeaks says it has obtained trove of CIA hacking tools * WikiLeaks has gained access to CIA hacking arsenal. * The document shows that the CIA turn devices into collection devices (iPhones, iPad, Smart TV…). * Additional unlicensed spectrum needed to deliver future Wi-Fi® connectivity * The “Wi-Fi Alliance® commissioned the Wi-Fi Spectrum Needs Study to assess whether available spectrum resources will be sufficient to support Wi-Fi connectivity in the future. The study indicates that by 2020, Wi-Fi networks around the world will need access to significantly more mid-band spectrum than is currently available in the 5 GHz range to satisfy expected growth in Wi-Fi data traffic.” * Download the study: http://www.wi-fi.org/file/wi-fi-spectrum-needs-study * New CWNEs!! * Tom Van Driessche from Belgium is now CWNE #219 * Aren Gates, who I believe works for Aerohive, is now CWNE #220 * CWTS Discontinued (Certified Wireless Technology Specialist) * It has been announced by the CWNP this week, the CWTS will retire at the end of the year. * This certification is a lifetime certification and you can still write the exam if you would like before the end of the year.

Jussi Kiviniemi, Senior Vice President of Ekahau, joins the show as our special guest as we record together in Santa Clara. Jussi goes over the conferences he attended and the upcoming updates to Ekahau Site Survey. Interview with Jussi Video demo of Ekahau Site Survey version 9.0   * Attending WLPC and Aruba Atmosphere * Great presentations at WLPC, especially on 802.11ax * Maker sessions were exciting at WLPC * Very hands on * Assembled an odroid * Building a software defined radio (SDR) * Jussi’s presentation at Aruba Atmosphere on Wi-Fi Network Design – 10 Essentials * Ekahau Site Survey Updates * Using macOS version * Can do active/passive surveys * Need a compatible adapter for active surveys * Haven’t found a reliable adapter to use * Read-only version? * Ekahau will be taking reporting and read-only to the next level so tune in * Updates coming to reporting * Version 8.7 will be released soon * Includes copy and paste of walls, APs, and predictive elements * New APs and antennas included in release * Version 9.0 * Insight into the amount of management vs data vs control frames * New capacity planner * Accurate analysis of how capacity is distributed * Seeing distribution between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz * Auto Planner is overhauled * Added intelligence * Able to disable excessive 2.4 GHz radios * High capacity areas can be defined with different capacity requirements * Airtime utilization * Able to see impact of data rate selection, number of SSIDs, AP placement, channels, and overall number of clients impacting airtime * New dialog * Includes selection of data rates * Number of SSIDs on the network * Enable/disable of RTS/CTS * Bandsteering Links and Resources * Ekahau Site Survey * Jussi on LinkedIn and Twitter * Episode 9 with Jussi * WLPC * Aruba Atmosphere

In this episode, we welcome Andrew Chappelle from Calgary, Alberta, Canada. We talked about network access control focusing on securing the Wi-Fi network. He shared his experience with complex NAC systems such as Cisco ISE or Aruba ClearPass and also share his view of what the future of access control will look like. Andrew Chappelle (CCIE-W #42377) works as a System Engineer for Aruba HPE out of Calgary. In his previous positions, he worked a lot on complex network access deployments. He is very knowledge about Wi-Fi and will soon be CWNE! I guess, we are going to have to bring him back on the show when he does! You can find him on twitter at @AngryWrelessGuy. He blogs at angrywirelessguy.wordpress.com. Wi-Fi Network Access Control The WHY: Why do we need a network access control for the WLAN infrastructure? Let’s talk about customer’s requirements: * Offer different access and level of security for different type of users & devices * Enable easy & secure BYOD * Segment the Wi-Fi network so guest traffic is isolated * Make the user experience is easier The WHAT: What are the solutions to meet these requirements? * SSID for corporate users (would do both BYOD and corporate access) – SSID consolidation * SSID for guest * Profiling The HOW: How do we implement it? What do we need to make it happen? * NAC server * Certificate PKI We talked about the most common EAP methods used today. What is coming next? What can we expect seeing in these NAC solutions in the near future? Resources Links to ISE documentation: * ISE community: https://communities.cisco.com/community/technology/security/pa/ise * ISE Demo videos: https://communities.cisco.com/docs/DOC-63878 * ISE YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/CiscoISE/playlists Links to ClearPass documentation: * ClearPass Documentation: https://support.arubanetworks.com/Documentation/tabid/77/DMXModule/512/EntryId/6864/Default.aspx * ClearPass Demo (require credentials): https://clearpass.arubademo.net/tips/tipsLogin.action Upcoming Episode on Wi-Fi Issue Here is the link to the Wi-Fi issues submission form for one of our upcoming episode. This Week In Wireless Cisco – New AireOS version – released the 8.3.111.0 Adaptive 802.11r 802.11r is the IEEE standard for fast roaming and this concept of roaming is also known as Fast Transition (FT). Here the initial handshake with the new AP is done even before the client roams to the target AP. The feature allows you to set up a network without choosing Enable for Fast Transition (FT). The Apple devices (iOS 10 clients) signal the Cisco APs to identify this functionality. Cisco APs mutually signal that adaptive 802.11r is supported on the network and perform an FT association on the WLAN. Legacy wireless clients that do not support 802.11r can still join the same network however does not benefit from faster FT roaming. Legacy devices that do not recognize the FT AKM’s beacons and probe responses join as an 11i/WPA2 device. This feature is supported on the following Wave2 APs:

In this episode, we welcome Rasika Nayanajith (CWNE #153, 2x CCIE) from Australia. We discuss the different ways to give back to the Wi-Fi Community. We hope that this episode will inspire a lot of Wi-Fi engineers. Our Guest Rasika is the Team Leader Network at La Trobe University in Melbourne Australia. He created the well known mrncciew.com Wi-Fi related blog and he has been designated VIP by Cisco to be very active on the Cisco Support forum. He has done a lot to give back to the Wi-Fi community and we were very honored to have him on the show. You can follow him on Twitter @mrncciew. Discussions We discussed the different ways to give back to the community: * Blogging * Participating in vendor’s support forums (Cisco Support Community, Aruba Airheads Community, Aerohive HiveNation Community…) * Becoming an Instructor * Presenting at conferences * Mentoring We also deep dived into Rasika’s experience in creating and maintaining his blog. Rasika gives some valuable pieces of advice for anyone wanting to blog or participate in vendor’s support forums. Useful Links * Rasika’s blog: mrncciew.com * Cisco Support Forum * Aruba Airhead Forum * Aerohive HiveNation Forum This Week In Wireless WLPC in Phoenix * Really great event (about 250 WLAN pros) * Talks about packet analytics, machine learning, Wi-Fi analytics, algorithms used by survey tools * Videos and presentation will be made available publicly by Keith Parsons this coming week Upcoming WLPC dates: * WLPC_LATAM in Bogota August 1-2 (En espanol) * WLPC_EU in Lisbon October 3-4 (In english) Aruba Atmosphere * Aruba Atmosphere will take place this coming week and is held in Nashville. * Aruba should be covering their new os ArubaOs 8 in more details. Update next week! * To follow, hashtag #ATM17 on Twitter Arris to Acquire Ruckus Arris and Broadcom jointly announced that they have entered into an agreement for Arris to acquire Brocade’s Ruckus Wireless and ICX Switch business for $800 millions in cash. Arris, which is currently mainly offering equipment intended to the home market, hope to expand its presence into other markets such as education, public venue, enterprise and hospitality. Link: https://www.ruckuswireless.com/press/releases/20170222-arris-acquire-ruckus-wireless-and-icx-switch-business-800-million-cash FCC Lets Wireless Carriers Use Wi-Fi Airwaves Critics Worry about Interferences FCC has officially gave the green light to carriers for them to be allowed to use LTE-U over the 5GHz band. Carriers will then be able to offload some of their traffic to the unlicensed 5GHz band used by other technologies such as Wi-Fi. Technically speaking, this is not really a good news for our Wi-Fi networks, since LTE-U is a less polite protocol, and Stations will start broadcasting a the less occupied frequency without waiting for a channel to be open. Most Wi-Fi experts are skeptical and a lot of debates and talks have been happening on Twitter since the announcement. This is week is the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, and we will see if people will be talking about it. Link:

Joel Crane is our special guest on CTS and he has a lot of knowledge bombs on spectrum analysis. Be sure to listen to this episode. Interference. The invisible killer of your spectrum. It creates a terrible user experience and your network is to blame for it. Spectrum analysis is how you’re going to identify what is kicking your Wi-Fi to the side. I’ve used this process to find issues the users are experiencing. Often times the fault is placed on the WLAN but it is either done unintentionally or on purpose. You will usually find out that there is a misbehaving device or a consumer level hardware causing issues with the WLAN. In this episode, Rowell and François ask Joel Crane questions about what spectrum analysis is and why is it useful. Spectrum Analysis with Joel Crane * Detecting, identifying, and locating non-WiFi interference * Gauging co-channel/adjacent interference * Who uses it * Cool stuff to know about * The troubleshooting process * Duty cycle vs. utilization * Real-time FFT vs Swept-Tuned Resources Mentioned * Chanalyzer * PotatoFi * How To Connect Chanalyzer to Cisco CleanAir * HackRF * Cisco CleanAir Sample Spectrum Captures This Week In Wireless * Qualcomm Announces End-to-End 802.11ax Wi-Fi portfolio * Carrier Waves News * WLPC

This is a new series on the podcast where we bring together a group of Wi-Fi professionals for a roundtable discussion of industry topics, casual banter, and camaraderie. Insults are on the house

This is a new series on the podcast where we bring together a group of Wi-Fi professionals for a roundtable discussion of industry topics, casual banter, and camaraderie. Insults are on the house

François Vergès discusses Wi-Fi security and securing the access to the Wi-Fi network. On episode 56, we have talked about the legacy Wi-Fi security mechanisms and we explained why they are not considered safe and secure anymore and why we should not be using them in our modern Wi-Fi networks deployments. In this follow up episode, we want to start going over the stronger and safer way to secure a Wi-Fi network. We are focusing on how the client devices can securely connect and exchange data over a Wi-Fi network. This episode will answer the following questions: * How does a client station securely connect to a Wi-Fi network? * What is WPA? * What is the difference between WPA and WPA2? * How does the Personal and Enterprise mode of operation work? * What is 802.1X and how is it related to Wi-Fi security? * What is required in order to authenticate client devices using 802.1X? * What is the 4-way handshake? * What are the secured EAP methods? * What do we need to do in order to securely use WPA/PA2-Personal? * What is considered a strong password? * How does a client station securely exchange data over the Wi-Fi network? Resources Here are the links to the videos we talked about during this episode: * 4-way handshake video from CWNP by Marcus Burton * Authentication and key management video from CWNP by Marcus Burton * WPA and WPA2 video from CWNP by Marcus Burton * Setup FreeRadius: * http://www.semfionetworks.com/blog/setup-freeradius-on-kali-linux-for-8021x-authentication * https://www.packet6.com/install-freeradius-ubuntu-server/ Here are a couple of diagrams related to the Wi-Fi security topic: * Wi-Fi Security Timeline * 802.1X Example:     If we want to dive deeper into the topic of Wi-Fi security, you can read the following book: * CWSP Book Other resources we talked about: * SANS strong password guidelines Password generation website: xkpasswd.net

Jim Vajda, CWNE #183, is our special guest who has done K12 Wi-Fi deployments. Jim provides insights into his requirements, challenges and design process. K12 Wi-Fi Deployments Requirements in a K12? A primary requirement for K12 involves a low cost solution. Many schools use tax dollars or E-Rate. When using tax dollars schools must be careful with their spending. E-Rate is a federal program which provides schools with discounts to obtain affordable IT equipment. Getting to the technical requirements, it must be simple to use. Most IT departments are spread thin. A system that is easy to implement is ideal. High density is important. Many classrooms are teaching with tablets, such as iPads, and Chromebooks. Each classroom does a 1-to-1 distribution of tablets or Chromebooks. With each classroom containing 20 or so students streaming video or performing online testing, we can see this becoming a high density classroom. This is especially so with Faculty carrying their own devices. Some students have their own devices as well. Security requirements include Role Based Access Controller (RBAC). RBAC is used to control what network resources a user has access to. This is important in an environment where pre-shared key (PSK) is used heavily in K12 environments. Content filtering is a must in order to protect children from content they should not be viewing. For simplicity of management, K12 would like to see this implemented in the wireless solution they select. In Jim’s experience, he has seen Meraki being used in the majority of K12 public schools in Ohio. What is not a requirement is fast roaming, centralized data plane, and layer 3 roaming. Most devices are stationary. A nice to have is layer 7 visibility and wireless client statistics. Design Process With older K12 schools, additions to buildings are common. Be sure to do a walk-through to catch any surprises such as a new concrete wall that was just put up. Perform your own wall attenuation measurements to include in your predictive site surveys. You will create the most accurate results using this method. Jim uses a D-Link DIR510 to get his wall measurements. To get the measurement, place the AP in the middle of the room or about 20 feet away from the wall. You can use a laser distance tool to measure the distance. Take your first measurement inside the room next to the wall. Then take your next measurement on the other side of the wall. The difference will be your wall dB loss. The site survey application of choice for Jim is Ekahau Site Survey Pro. Within his surveys he ensures he is using an AP that will be deployed in the K12 school. When it comes to channel planning, Jim used to start with 40 MHz channel widths but now starts with 20 MHz. This is because of the channel reuse he can get in 5 GHz spectrum for high density. Jim recommends using DFS channels if you can. Make sure to perform spectrum analysis to discover any radar in the area. In K12 schools it is very rare to see external antennas used. If they are used, it is usually outdoors for coverage. Indoors, you will not see external antennas. Challenges The major challenges Jim sees in K12 schools: * Budget constraints * IT lacks clout * Limited IT staff * Poor RRM settings * Tx power set too high * Excessive Co-Channel Contention in 2.4 GHz * Too many SSIDs being broadcasted * 1 AP/Classroom In regards to 1 AP per classroom, this is really a big marketing push. While many environments may not need 1 AP per classroom, some may push for it because it is easy. In some scenarios,

Glenn Cate, CWNE #181, is our special guest who has done many Wi-Fi projects for the non-profit community. He provides his experience and tips on giving back. Wi-Fi has become an expected service throughout our communities.  From shopping malls to restaurants to businesses to airports to our homes, we just anticipate using Wi-Fi connections with our smart devices.  Yet, there are many organizations that give so much back to our communities that also need Wi-Fi:  free health clinics, community service centers, churches and religious organizations, schools and neighborhood centers. The problem usually is not that Wi-Fi is not important, but that these non-profit organizations do not have the skilled resources or financial backing to install Wi-Fi services.  So many times, poorly designed Wi-Fi is installed or no Wi-Fi at all is present.  WLAN professionals can give back by providing their skill set in helping plan and deploy Wi-Fi for non-profit organizations that give so much to our communities. Projects Glenn Cate has worked on: * Church (three buildings) * Six APs * Server closet * Five 24 port unmanaged switches * Ethernet pulling/punch down. * MS/HS/elementary school of 600+ students (four buildings plus small trailers) * Site survey * Vendor AP comparison * Pulled/punched down Ethernet cables * Deployed APs * Initial cloud configuration * Knowledge transfer. * Several churches * Consultation on Wi-Fi uplift and recommendations * Church(three buildings) * Site survey * Pulled/punched down Ethernet cables * Ethernet drops to offices * Security appliance configuration * AP installation * Fiber run to remote building * Post validation testing * Knowledge transfer. In this episode, Glenn speaks about getting into the project management side of things including talking to directors, steering committees, and technical resources. A question Glenn answers is how do some of non-profits have the funds to pay for enterprise-grade equipment? You’ll be surprised. One question I give to Glenn is what kind of obstacles does he run into while doing the installation? What if the work requires more than just your expertise and manpower? Lastly, why does Glenn provide his expertise and services for free to non-profits? The reason why is important. I hope you enjoy this interview with Glenn Cate. If you have any questions please submit a comment below. You can find Glenn Cate on Twitter and on his blog.

The journey to CWNE is not a straight path. It takes preparation, determination, and patience with a lot of studying. This is my summary to CWNE #210. Deciding to tackle the CWNP certifications towards CWNE is a task you do not take on lightly. In 2015, I had decided to create a personal goal of fulfilling my Wi-Fi dreams of becoming CWNE. While the certifications were not required for my job at my employer I was wanting to complete them for myself and to have the credibility of a CWNE. In December 2016, I received the confirmation email of becoming CWNE #210 and was filled with a lot of joy from the sweat from the hard work. CWNA The CWNA cemented a foundation in Wi-Fi and proved there was much to learn in this space. I used the CWNA study guide from Sybex which helped me pass the exam the first time. The book covered all the topics and provided more information beyond the scope of the exam. During this time, I had also begun doing a Wi-Fi podcast to help me stay on track by constantly talking about the topic. The Clear To Send podcast has definitely helped me stay focused on Wi-Fi topics. I believe that teaching others is a way to also help yourself really understand the technology. My CWNE Timeline   CWNE Requirements The requirements for becoming CWNE are straightforward and outlined on the application PDF. CWNE requirements as of January 2017: You must pass CWNA, CWAP, CWDP, and CWSP and they must be current. Have three years of experience (verifiable) Wi-Fi administration, Security, Protocol Analysis, and Quality of Service Have three endorsers Meet listed achievements such as a published book, white paper, recorded instructional presentation, updated blog, etc Write three essays (each over 500 words but not longer than 1000 words) which speak to your knowledge in Wi-Fi Thanks Scott McDermott for the correction! Hold two valid non-CWNP certifications CWAP After completing CWNA, the next task is figuring out which professional level certification to go with next. My recommendation is to knock on CWAP. The analysis portion will arm you with the knowledge to pass the other exams with a little more ease. Analysis requires you to know more about design and security which is why I recommend this path. Within the CWAP you will dive into the frames and know more about frames than you ever wanted to. When I first started tackling CWAP, I had tried to rush myself into passing before CWNP made the exam changes. Rushing is definitely a recipe for failure as I didn’t pass on my first attempt. What made things worse is that I couldn’t review fast enough for a second attempt before the exam changes. Without giving up, I ended up purchasing the CWAP Study Guide by CWNP. While the book was much thinner, it did contain enough information to pass the exam. I highly recommend capturing many wireless frames to help solidify the topics for CWAP. I lived and breathed in Wireshark during my CWAP. Anytime I needed to troubleshoot a Wi-Fi issue I always opened Wireshark just to see what was going on. Something I always remember was when I solved a slow Wi-Fi issue due to a client constantly sending out CTS-to-Self frames with large duration values. I wouldn’t have seen this if I hadn’t gone through CWAP and applied what I learned. CWDP My decision to go with CWDP next had to do with the work I was doing with my employer. At the time I was doing quite a bit of design work so it was only natural that I took this path. When I looked into book resources for learning CWDP I learned the book for the previous exam version was much bigger than the new version by CWNP. I decided to pick up both for the purposes of learning more.

Becoming a better Wi-Fi engineer with this list of resources. Even if you are just getting started in Wi-Fi, you should check out each resource. Happy New Year! We made it to 2017! I am so glad we are done with 2016. I spent a lot of time in 2016 studying for the CWNP exams working my way up to CWNE. But in 2017, I’d like to focus on becoming a better Wi-Fi engineer. What does that mean? I’m talking about really learning how Wi-Fi works. Understanding the technical details of creating a good experience for the end users. In addition, we have to apply what we learn in the field. Whether that is improving your home Wi-Fi, installing Wi-Fi for a church, for your office, or doing high density Wi-Fi. So in this episode, I want to outline a lot of resources that are available to help us become better Wi-Fi engineers. Wi-Fi Resources * CWNP Books * CWNA * CWAP * CWDP * CWSP * Get the previous editions as well * The 802.11 books by Matthew Gast * 802.11 Wireless Networks Definitive Guide * 802.11n: A Survival Guide: Wi-Fi Above 100 Mbps * 802.11ac: A Survival Guide: Wi-Fi at Gigabit and Beyond * IEEE 802.11 Standard * 802.11-2012 * 802.11ac-2013 * 802.11ad-2012 * Blogs * MRN-CCWIW * Revolution Wi-Fi * WLAN Pros * My 802.11 * SC Wi-Fi * Get yourself an AP * Meraki webinar * Open-Mesh webinar * Engenius (I may have been wrong about the free webinar but they have a trial program) * Wireshark * Start capturing frames * Airtool is a good application for macOS * Use this tool from Riverbed for Windows * Vendor-specific * CCNA Wireless * CCNP Wireless * Aruba has some good docs * Read Cisco configuration guides * Get out there and volunteer your services * Install Wi-Fi for someone in need,

This is a pre-recorded episode. I’m off for Christmas

In this episode I want to talk about Hallway Design or lack of it. This was inspired by a #WIFIQ that Lee Badman threw out there. I’ll tell you now, I don’t like hallway design. What is Hallway Design? In a #WIFIQ thread, Jake Snyder said, “There is a difference between sticking APs in the hallway and hallway design.” And that’s true. He makes a very good point. The former is the act of randomly placing them in the hallway in hopes that you get fantastic coverage for the users in the rooms. Negatives of Hallway Wi-Fi * Low SNR * Coverage holes * Negative RRM effect * Not designed for capacity * No one working in the hallway * Transmit power set at the highest if manually configuring * Channel overlap * Poor roaming decisions * Lots of omnidirectional APs in the hallway Designing Wi-Fi With Hallway In Mind * Plan on the number of APs that will be placed in hallway * Important to help facilitate roaming * Signal propagates far in the hallway * Lower transmit power or use thresholds * Number of APs that can hear each other will have a negative effect * Consider RRM in the design * Transmit power levels * Set thresholds – don’t allow the AP to go too high or too low * Place APs where the users are * Higher SNR * Better data rates * Plan for roaming * Wi-Fi calling now available, users will walk out of their workspace * Use building obstacles to help attenuate the signal * Use a proper channel plan Links and Resources * Podcast Topic Survey – www.cleartosend.net/survey * What is SNR * Article by Blake Krone – Love Thy Patch – Read it on Airheads, http://community.arubanetworks.com/t5/Technology-Blog/Love-Thy-Patch/ba-p/270937